![]() It has been observed that SV2A does not play a role in biogenesis or synaptic function, but it modulates exocytosis of transmitter‐containing vesicles ( Mendoza-Torreblanca et al., 2019). LEV has a high affinity for the SV2A receptor, where it binds and modulates the receptor. LEV is used to treat refractory status epilepticus ( Patel et al., 2006), status epilepticus ( Rossetti and Bromfield, 2006), and acute and generalized idiopathic myoclonic epilepsy in neonates as well in adults ( Khan et al., 2011). LEV employs its therapeutic effect by binding to SV2A ( Patel et al., 2006). Padsevonil (novel antiepileptic drug) has more affinity for SV2A than levetiracetam and brivaracetam. LEV exhibits its antiepileptic effect via inhibition of excessive synchronized activity between neurons. This eventually results in the fluctuation of the firing properties of neurons ( Verrotti et al., 2020). ![]() These drugs exert their antiepileptic effects by modulating ionotropic GABA-A, glutamate receptors, synaptic vesicle 2 A (SV2A) transporters, and ion channels such as Na +, Ca ++, and K + ( Noachtar et al., 2008 Leclercq et al., 2020). First-generation AEDs include: carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and valproic acid, while lamotrigine, vigabatrin, tiagabine, topiramate, gabapentin, and levetiracetam (LEV) are classified as second-generation drugs ( Ahmad et al., 2017). Different antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been reported with serious side effects along with the development of resistance against the currently available AEDs ( Chen et al., 2017 Ramalingam et al., 2013). In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that both flavonoid- and non–flavonoid-containing plants have the potential to improve morbidity in epilepsy ( Majeed et al., 2019). It is concluded that kaempferol, quercetin, and catechin can effectively decrease the epileptic seizures in our chronic epilepsy rat model to a level that is comparable to the antiepileptic effects induced by levetiracetam drug.Įpilepsy is a neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent malicious seizures, which are varied in occurrence and severity ( Szilágyi et al., 2014). Additionally, downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines were also noted in the PF-treated groups. The mRNA levels of SV2A were found to be significantly elevated in the PF-treated rats when compared with those of the control rats with epilepsy. Our results indicate for the first time that SV2A is also a transporter of understudied phytoflavonoids, due to which a significant improvement was observed in epileptic parameters. ![]() The mRNA levels of SV2A, as well as the expression of TNF, IL 6, IL 1 beta, NFkB, IL 1Ra, IL 4, and IL 10, were investigated using qPCR. Kaempferol, quercetin, and catechin were found to have the highest binding affinity with the synaptic vesicle 2A (SV2A) protein, comparable to standard levetiracetam (LEV). Binding affinities of kaempferol, quercetin, and catechin were assessed by performing in silico studies. 25 mg/kg/day of pentylenetetrazole was administered for 4 weeks after epilepsy was induced in the rats this was followed by the behavioral studies and histological analysis of rat brain slices. In vivo and in silico experiments were conducted to investigate their therapeutic potential. The present study aimed to find out the antiepileptic potential of quercetin, catechin, and kaempferol. Recently, alternative therapies are gaining popularity in the treatment of epilepsy. 5Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. ![]()
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